Waste water management

ABSTRACT

A system includes a first separator configured to receive waste water, retain a first portion of the waste water, and separate the first portion of the waste water into a first vapor and a first solid material; and a second separator in fluid communication with the first separator, the second separator being configured to receive a second portion of the waste water from the first separator and to separate the second portion of the waste water into a second vapor and a second solid material, the second separator including a first condenser, a heating element, and a first electrocoagulation unit. Related apparatus, systems, techniques and articles are also described.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No.62/680,039, filed on Jun. 4, 2018, the disclosure of which is herebyexpressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The current subject matter is generally related to waste waterprocessing systems.

BACKGROUND

Distilleries produce alcohol by a process of distillation. Distillationis a process of separating components from a mixture by selectiveboiling and condensation. For alcohol production, the mixture, referredto as a wash, is created using ethanol fermentation. Ethanolfermentation is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose,fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy, producingethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products. One common source of sugarsfor distillation is molasses, which is a byproduct of refining sugarcane, or sugar beets, into sugar.

During distillation, heat is applied to the wash such that lightcomponents of the wash, including ethanol, evaporate. Heat is removedfrom the vapor such that it condenses, and the liquid is stored in aseparate container from the wash. This process can be repeated multipletimes to increase concentration of ethanol in the liquid. Portions ofthe wash that remain after distillation are referred to as distilleryeffluent, spent wash, or waste water.

Spent wash is a mixture of liquid and solid components, and is a richsource of organic matter and nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus,potassium, calcium, and sulfur. Spent wash can also containmicro-nutrients such as iron, zinc, copper, manganese, boron, andmolybdenum. However, spent wash is acidic, and it has high biochemicaloxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). If the spent washis released into the environment untreated, it can pollute water sourcesby increasing acidity and consuming dissolved oxygen, which can endangeraquatic life and other organisms.

SUMMARY

In an aspect, a system includes a first separator configured to receivewaste water, retain a first portion of the waste water, and separate thefirst portion of the waste water into a first vapor and a first solidmaterial; and a second separator in fluid communication with the firstseparator, the second separator being configured to receive a secondportion of the waste water from the first separator and to separate thesecond portion of the waste water into a second vapor and a second solidmaterial, the second separator including a first condenser, a heatingelement, and a first electrocoagulation unit. The first condenser is influid communication with the first separator, the first condenser beingconfigured to receive the first vapor from the first separator andtransfer heat from the first vapor to the second portion of the wastewater, thereby condensing the first vapor into a first liquid. Theheating element is configured to generate heat and transfer the heat tothe second portion of the waste water, wherein heat from the first vaporand heat from the heating element cause at least a portion of the secondportion of waste water to evaporate, thereby forming the second vaporwithin the second separator. The first electrocoagulation unit includesat least one first electrocoagulation cell that includes a first anodeand a first cathode that are in contact with the second portion of thewaste water, the at least one first electrocoagulation cell beingconfigured to separate suspended solids from the second portion of thewaste water, the separated suspended solids forming at least a portionof the second solid material.

One or more of the following features can be included in any feasiblecombination. The first separator can include a second condenser in fluidcommunication with the second separator, the second condenser beingconfigured to receive the second vapor from the second separator andtransfer heat from the second vapor to the first portion of the wastewater, thereby condensing the second vapor into a second liquid. Thefirst separator can include a second electrocoagulation unit having atleast one second electrocoagulation cell in contact with the firstportion of the waste water, the at least one second electrocoagulationcell being configured to separate suspended solids from the firstportion of the waste water, the separated suspended solids forming atleast a portion of the first solid material.

The system can include a controller in electronic communication with theheating element and the first electrocoagulation, the controller beingconfigured to control the amount of heat generated by the heatingelement and to control a first voltage differential between the anodeand the cathode of at least one first electrocoagulation cell, and thefirst voltage differential determines a rate at which suspended solidsare separated from the second portion of the waste water. The secondseparator can include a magnetron configured to generate microwaves anddirect at least a portion of the microwaves at the second portion of thewaste water within the second separator, thereby heating the secondportion of the waste water. The system can include a preliminaryseparator in fluid communication with the first separator, thepreliminary separator being configured to receive waste water and toseparate insoluble solid material from the waste water, remove theinsoluble solid material from the waste water, and provide the wastewater to the first separator. The preliminary separator can include ahydrocyclone configured to direct the received waste water tangentiallyabout an interior surface of the hydrocyclone, thereby generating areactive centrifugal force that acts on the received waste water toseparate the insoluble solid material from the received waste water. Thesystem can include at least one first pressure sensor coupled to thesecond separator, the at least one first pressure sensor beingconfigured to measure a pressure of the second vapor within the secondseparator. The system can include at least one second pressure sensorcoupled to the first separator, the at least one second pressure sensorbeing configured to measure a pressure of the first vapor within thefirst separator.

The system can include a first level meter positioned within the secondseparator, the first level meter being configured to measure an amountof the second portion of waste water. The system can include a firstdemister positioned within the second separator, the first demisterbeing configured to remove liquid droplets entrained within the secondvapor. The system can include a second demister positioned within thefirst separator, the second demister being configured to remove liquiddroplets entrained within the first vapor.

In another aspect, a method includes receiving waste water at a firstseparator, and retaining a first portion of the waste water within thefirst separator; receiving, at a second separator, a second portion ofwaste water from the first separator; generating a first voltagedifferential between a first anode and a first cathode of a first cellof a first electrocoagulation unit to remove suspended solids from thesecond portion of waste water; receiving a first vapor from the firstseparator at a first condenser within the second separator; transferringheat from the first vapor to the second portion of the waste water,thereby condensing the first vapor into a first liquid; generating heatusing first heating element within the second separator; transferringthe heat to the second portion of waste water, wherein heat from thefirst vapor and heat from the heating element cause at least a portionof the second portion of waste water to evaporate, thereby forming asecond vapor within the second separator; and providing the second vaporto a second condenser within the first separator.

The method can include receiving the second vapor at the secondcondenser; and transferring heat from the second vapor to the firstportion of waste water, thereby condensing the second vapor into asecond liquid. The method can include generating a second voltagedifferential between a second anode and a second cathode of a secondcell of a second electrocoagulation unit to remove suspended solids fromthe first portion of waste water. The method can include generatingmicrowaves using a magnetron; and directing at least a portion of themicrowaves toward the second portion of waste water, thereby heating thesecond portion of waste water.

The method can include measuring a pressure of the second vapor withinthe second separator using at least one first pressure sensor coupled tothe second separator. The method can include measuring a pressure of thefirst vapor within the first separator using at least one secondpressure sensor coupled to the first separator. The method can includeremoving liquid droplets entrained within the second vapor using a firstdemister positioned within the second separator. The method can includeremoving liquid droplets entrained within the first vapor using a seconddemister positioned within the first separator.

In yet another aspect, a system includes a first separator configured toreceive waste water, retain a first portion of the waste water, andseparate the first portion of the waste water into a first vapor and afirst solid material, the first separator including a first condenserand a first electrocoagulation unit. The first separator can alsoinclude a heating element.

One or more of the following features can be included in any feasiblecombination. The system can further include a second separator in fluidcommunication with the first separator, the second separator beingconfigured to receive a second portion of the waste water from the firstseparator and to separate the second portion of the waste water into asecond vapor and a second solid material. The second separator caninclude a second condenser in fluid communication with the firstseparator, the second condenser being configured to receive the firstvapor from the first separator and transfer heat from the first vapor tothe second portion of the waste water, thereby condensing the firstvapor into a first liquid. The second separator can further include aheating element configured to generate heat and transfer the heat to thesecond portion of the waste water, wherein heat from the first vapor andheat from the heating element cause at least a portion of the secondportion of waste water to evaporate, thereby forming the second vaporwithin the second separator. The second separator can further include asecond electrocoagulation unit having at least one firstelectrocoagulation cell that includes a first anode and a first cathodethat are in contact with the second portion of the waste water, the atleast one first electrocoagulation cell being configured to separatesuspended solids from the second portion of the waste water, theseparated suspended solids forming at least a portion of the secondsolid material.

The system can include a total of n separators (n being a naturalnumber; n≥2), wherein, for an i-th separator (i being any naturalnumber; 2≤i≤n), the i-th separator is in communication with the (i−1)-thseparator, the i-th separator configured to receive an i-th portion ofthe waste water from the (i−1)-th separator and to separate the i-thportion of the waste water into an i-th vapor and an i-th solidmaterial, the i-th separator including an i-th condenser and an i-thelectrocoagulation unit. The n-th separator can include a heatingelement configured to generate heat and transfer the heat to the n-thportion of the waste water, wherein heat from the (n−1)-th vapor andheat from the heating element cause at least a portion of the n-thportion of waste water to evaporate, thereby forming the n-th vaporwithin the n-th separator. The n-th separator can further include amagnetron configured to generate microwaves and direct at least aportion of the microwaves at the n-th portion of the waste water withinthe n-th separator, thereby heating the n-th portion of the waste water.At least one of the first to the n-th separators can include a demisterconfigured to remove liquid droplets entrained within vapor.

The system can further include a preliminary separator in fluidcommunication with the first separator, the preliminary separator beingconfigured to receive waste water and to separate insoluble solidmaterial from the waste water, remove the insoluble solid material fromthe waste water, and provide the waste water to the first separator. Thepreliminary separator can be a hydrocyclone configured to direct thereceived waste water tangentially about an interior surface of thehydrocyclone, thereby generating a reactive centrifugal force that actson the received waste water to separate the insoluble solid materialfrom the received waste water.

Non-transitory computer program products (i.e., physically embodiedcomputer program products) are also described that store instructions,which when executed by one or more data processors of one or morecomputing systems, causes at least one data processor to performoperations herein. Similarly, computer systems are also described thatmay include one or more data processors and memory coupled to the one ormore data processors. The memory may temporarily or permanently storeinstructions that cause at least one processor to perform one or more ofthe operations described herein. In addition, methods can be implementedby one or more data processors either within a single computing systemor distributed among two or more computing systems. Such computingsystems can be connected and can exchange data and/or commands or otherinstructions or the like via one or more connections, including aconnection over a network (e.g. the Internet, a wireless wide areanetwork, a local area network, a wide area network, a wired network, orthe like), via a direct connection between one or more of the multiplecomputing systems, etc.

The details of one or more variations of the subject matter describedherein are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the descriptionbelow. Other features and advantages of the subject matter describedherein will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from theclaims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a treatmentsystem that can be used to treat spent wash;

FIG. 2 is a detailed view of another exemplary embodiment of a treatmentsystem that can be used to treat spent wash;

FIG. 3 is a magnified view of a preliminary separator and the a systemof the treatment system shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a magnified view of a main separator vessel of the treatmentsystem shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 is a magnified view of a secondary separator vessel of thetreatment system shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 6 illustrates another example implementation of a waste watertreatment system;

FIG. 7 illustrates an expanded view of the separator system with fourseparators;

FIG. 8 is a table illustrating specifications for an exampleimplementation according to some aspects of the current subject matter;

FIGS. 9-12 illustrate an example implementation of the current subjectmatter implemented at an oil refinery facility;

FIG. 13 is a process flow diagram illustrating that multiple digesterscan provide the waste water, such as spent wash, to a ground tank, whichcan be input to a waste water treatment system according to the currentsubject matter;

FIGS. 14-16 illustrate example heating elements and related dimensionsaccording to an example implementation; and

FIGS. 17-21 illustrate a modular processing system, which can be scaledto any required processing capabilities by adding additional units.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Certain exemplary embodiments will now be described to provide anoverall understanding of the principles of the structure, function,manufacture, and use of the systems, devices, and methods disclosedherein. One or more examples of these embodiments are illustrated in theaccompanying drawings. Those skilled in the art will understand that thesystems, devices, and methods specifically described herein andillustrated in the accompanying drawings are non-limiting exemplaryembodiments and that the scope of the present invention is definedsolely by the claims. The features illustrated or described inconnection with one exemplary embodiment may be combined with thefeatures of other embodiments. Such modifications and variations areintended to be included within the scope of the present invention.Further, in the present disclosure, like-named components of theembodiments generally have similar features, and thus within aparticular embodiment each feature of each like-named component is notnecessarily fully elaborated upon.

As described above, spent wash is a byproduct that results fromdistilled alcohol production. The spent wash is acidic, and it has highbiochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Otherwaste water streams produced by industrial processes, such as oilrefinery, can similarly be acidic and/or have high BOD and COD. If thewaste water is released into the environment untreated, it can pollutewater sources by increasing acidity and consuming dissolved oxygen,which can endanger aquatic life and other organisms. The current subjectmatter relates to treating waste water having high BOD and COD such thatthe nutrients from the waste water can be more safely utilized. In oneembodiments, a waste water treatment system is provided. The waste watertreatment system can include an array of separator vessels coupled inseries. The array of separator vessels can be configured to separatesolid and liquid portions of waste water using a combination ofdistillation and electrocoagulation processes. Distillation andelectrocoagulation process can function with minimal moving parts,thereby facilitating simplified design of the treatment system. Byseparating waste water is into solid and liquid portions, each portioncan be more easily managed. For example, solid material from the wastewater can be used as fertilizer. The liquid portion of the waste watercan be treated.

The current subject matter can include a cascade ofevaporators/separators in which stages use an output stream of aprevious stage to heat or supplement the heat used to evaporate/separateliquid in the given stage. Using the output of a previous stage as aheat source, thermal energy can be recycled, thus lowering the energydemands and costs of the system. Because of the lower energy demands(e.g., higher efficiency), evaporators can be utilized for someapplications that were previously unfeasible.

FIG. 1 shows an example of a treatment system 100 that can be configuredto treat waste water such as spent waste or waste output from an oilrefinery. In the illustrated example, the treatment system 100 includesa digester 102 configured to processes waste water, and a separatorsystem 104 that can be configured to separate liquid and solid portionsof the waste water. Initially, a pump 106 receives waste water 108 fromthe digester 102 and pumps the waste water 109 to a preliminaryseparator 110. The preliminary separator 110 functions to separate aportion 112 of insoluble solid material from the waste water 109. Insome embodiments, the preliminary separator 110 can be configured toclassify, separate, and/or sort solids in the waste water based onratios of centripetal force to fluid resistance. In an exemplaryembodiment, the preliminary separator 110 can be a hydrocyclone. Thehydrocyclone can be configured to receive the waste water 109 and directthe incoming waste water 109 tangentially about a cylindrical, orcylindroconical, surface of the hydrocyclone, thereby generating areactive centrifugal force that acts on the waste water within thehydrocyclone. The reactive centrifugal force can cause components of thewaste water to be separated based on density. For example, more densecomponents of the waste water such as, e.g., portions containing higherconcentrations of solid materials, can be separated from less denseportions of the waste water such as, e.g., portions of the waste watercontaining higher concentrations of liquid.

In the illustrated example, the preliminary separator 110 can providethe portion 112 of the waste water 109, containing primarily solidmaterial, to a solid storage vessel 114. The preliminary separator 110can provide a remaining portion 116 of waste water 109 to the separatorsystem 104. The remaining portion 116 of the waste water can contain alower concentration of solid material than the waste water 109 thatentered the preliminary separator 110.

The separator system 104 can receive the portion 116 of waste water andcan separate solids and liquids of the waste water using a combinationof distillation and coagulation processes. The separator system 104 canprovide solid and liquid portions 118, 120 of the waste water to thesolid storage vessel 114 and a liquid storage vessel 122, respectively.

In some embodiments, the treatment system 100 can include sensorsconfigured to monitor operating conditions of the treatment system 100.For example, the treatment system 100 can include flow meters, pressuregauges, temperature sensors, pH meters, etc. that can be positioned atvarious locations throughout the treatment system 100. The treatmentsystem can also include various functional components configured tofacilitate operation of the treatment system. For example, the treatmentsystem 100 can include pumps, blowers, valves, and electro-coagulators.In some embodiments, the sensors and the functional components of thetreatment system 100 can be monitored and/or controlled by a controller124. For example, the controller 124 can monitor operating conditionsprovided by the sensors, and can adjust operation of the functionalcomponents to ensure that the operating values remain within desiredlimits.

FIG. 2 shows a detailed view of an exemplary embodiment of a treatmentsystem 200 that can be configured to treat waste water. As shown in FIG.2, the treatment system 200 can include a digester 202, a pump 206, apreliminary separator 210, and a separator system 204 that includes amain separator vessel 240 and a secondary separator vessel 242. Thedigester 202 can be configured to process the waste water prior todelivery to the preliminary separator 210 and the separator system 204.For example, the digester 202 can be configured to cut solids within thewaste water, and mix the waste water to ensure an even distribution ofsolid and liquid components. The pump 206 can be configured to receivewaste water from the digester 202 and to provide the preliminaryseparator 210 and the separator system 204 with waste water to betreated. The preliminary separator 210 and the separator system 204 canbe configured to separate the waste water mixture into solid and liquidportions, and provide the solid and liquid portions to a solids storagevessel 214 and a liquid storage vessel 222, respectively. In someembodiments, the treatment system 200 can include a controller 224 thatcan be configured to monitor sensor data and adjust operation of thetreatment system 200 based on the sensor data, as described in moredetail below.

As shown in FIG. 2, the treatment system 200 can include sensors suchas, e.g., a flow meter 226 and a potential of hydrogen (pH) meter 228,positioned along a flow path 208 between the digester 202 and the pump206. As described herein, flow paths (e.g., flow path 208) can be pipes,tubing, flow channels, or the like. The flow meter 226 can be configuredto measure amounts and/or flow rates of waste water delivered to thepump 206. The pH meter 228 can be configured to measure a value ofacidity of the waste water delivered to the pump 206. The treatmentsystem 200 can also include a valve 225 positioned along the flow path208 between the digester 202 and the pump 206. The valve 225 can beconfigured to control flow of waste water from the digester 202 to thepump 206.

In some embodiments, the treatment system 200 can include a pressurerelease valve 230 coupled to the flow path 208 between the digester 202and the pump 206. The pressure release valve 230 can be configured toopen automatically when pressure of the waste water between the digester202 and the pump 206 exceeds a predetermined value. When the pressurerelease valve 230 is open, the flow path 208 can be in fluidcommunication with a pressure release flow path 232, thereby allowingwaste water to flow from the flow path 208 between the digester 202 andthe pump 206 to the pressure release flow path 232.

FIG. 3 shows a magnified view of the preliminary separator 210 and theseparator system 204. The preliminary separator 210 functions toseparate a portion of insoluble solid material from the waste watermixture. In some embodiments, the preliminary separator 210 can beconfigured to classify, separate, and/or sort solids in the waste waterbased on ratios of centripetal force to fluid resistance. In anexemplary embodiment, the preliminary separator 210 can be ahydrocyclone. As shown in FIG. 3, the preliminary separator 210 caninclude a level meter 234, a pressure gauge 236, and a temperaturesensor 238. The level meter 234 can be configured to measure an amountof waste water that is within the preliminary separator 210. Thetemperature sensor 238 and pressure gauge 236 can be configured tomeasure a temperature and pressure of the waste water within thepreliminary separator 210, respectively. In the illustrated example, thepreliminary separator 210 can provide the portion of the waste water,which can primarily contain insoluble solid material, to a pump (e.g.,an auger or a screw) 231. In some embodiments, the preliminary separator210 can include a valve 233 (e.g., a ball valve) that can be configuredto control flow from the preliminary separator 210 to the pump 231. Thevalve 233 can be in electronic communication with the controller 224such that the controller 224 can control operation of the valve 233. Thepump 231 can provide the solid material to a compression unit 229, whichcan be configured to compress the solid waste and deliver it to thesolids storage vessel 214. In some embodiments, a pressure release valve230 can be positioned between the compression unit 229 and the solidsstorage vessel 214, as shown in FIG. 2.

The pressure release valve 230 can be configured to open automaticallywhen the solid material has been compressed to a predetermined pressurewithin the compression unit 229. The preliminary separator 210 canprovide a remaining portion of waste water to the separator system 204via another flow path 216. A valve 244 a can be positioned between thepreliminary separator 210 and the separator system 204. The valve 244 acan be coupled to an inlet 270 of the secondary separator vessel 242 andcan be configured to control flow of the waste water mixture between thepreliminary separator 210 and the separator system 204. In someembodiments, a blower 272 can be coupled to the secondary separatorvessel 242 adjacent to the inlet 270.

The separator system 204 system can be configured to separate liquid andsolid portions of the waste water using a combination of distillationand electrocoagulation (EC) processes. In the illustrated example, theseparator system 204 includes the main separator vessel 240 and thesecondary separator vessel 242. The secondary separator vessel 242 canbe configured to receive the waste water mixture from the preliminaryseparator 210. The secondary separator vessel 242 can be in fluidcommunication with the main separator vessel 240. A valve 244 c can bepositioned between the main separator vessel 240 and the secondaryseparator vessel 242. The valve 244 c can be configured to control flowof the waste water mixture between the main separator vessel 240 and thesecondary separator vessel 242. Therefore, waste water delivered to thesecondary separator vessel can also flow into the main separator vessel240. The secondary separator vessel 242 is discussed in more detailbelow.

FIG. 4 shows a magnified view of the main separator vessel 240. As shownin the illustrated example, the main separator vessel 240 can include abody 246 that can be configured to receive the waste water mixture fromthe secondary separator 242 via an inlet 248. The inlet 248 can becoupled to the valve 244 c, as shown in FIGS. 3-4. The body 246 of themain separator vessel 240 can also include a heating element 250, amagnetron 252, a demister 254, a condenser 256, and anelectrocoagulation (EC) unit 258.

The heating element 250 and the magnetron 252 can be configured to heatthe waste water mixture that is within the body 246 such that a liquidportion of the waste water evaporates. For example, in some embodiments,the heating element 250 can be configured to generate heat and totransfer at least a portion of the heat to the waste water mixture suchthat a portion of the waste water mixture evaporates. In someembodiments, the heating element 250 can be, e.g., sourced from anotherindustrial process located within or near the waste water processingsystem 204. For example, an output stream of an oil refinery processthat needs to be cooled can be cycled through the waste water processingsystem 204 and used as a heat source. In some embodiments, the heatingelement 250 can include electrical heating elements (e.g., having a highresistance such that electrical current passing through the heatingelement 250 causes the temperature of the heating element 250 toincrease).

In some implementations, the heating element 250 can include other meansfor heating. For example, the heating element 250 can include pipescirculating high or low temperature liquid, such as is produced byindustrial waste processes and/or by a gas furnace. In some embodiments,a heating source can include industrial processes and/or a gas furnace,and can provide the liquid to the heating element 250. In otherembodiments, the heating element 250 can include a layer of infraredabsorbing material and the heating source can include an infrared sourcelocated such that infrared light impinges the heating elements 250. Theimpinging infrared light can cause the temperature of the heatingelement 250 to rise. In some implementations, solar light can be used asthe heating source. In other implementations, heating the elements 250can include a layer of electromagnetic absorbing material and heatingsource 140 can include an electro-magnetic generator located withinvessel 105.

The magnetron 252 can be configured to generate microwaves and direct atleast a portion of the microwaves at the waste water mixture within thebody 246. In some embodiments, microwaves generated by the magnetron 252can heat the waste water mixture as well as vapor formed from the wastewater mixture. As an example, the magnetron 252 can be, or can include,a vacuum tube configured to generate microwaves using interactionsbetween a stream of electrons and a magnetic field. The electrons canpass by opening in metal cavities of the magnetron 252, which can causeradio waves, including microwaves, to oscillate within the cavities. Thefrequency of the microwaves that are generated is determined by physicaldimensions of the cavities. The heating element 250 and the magnetron252 can be in electronic communication with the controller 224. Thecontroller 224 can provide electric power to, and control operation of,the heating element 250 and the magnetron 252.

The condenser 256 can be configured to receive a vapor such as, e.g.,vapor formed from waste water within the secondary separator vessel 242,condense the vapor to form a liquid, and deliver the liquid to theliquid storage vessel 222 via a flow path 262 (shown in FIG. 2). In someembodiments, a blower 264 in fluid communication with the condenser 256can pump the vapor from the secondary separator vessel 242 to thecondenser 256 via a flow path 268. Heat can be extracted from the vaporwithin the condenser 256 such that the vapor condenses to form theliquid. The heat extracted from the vapor within the condenser can betransferred to the waste water mixture within the main separator vessel240 and/or to the vapor formed from the waste water mixture within themain separator vessel 240.

The demister 254 can be positioned above a predetermined maximum level,or height, of the waste water mixture within the body 246. The demister254 can be configured to remove liquid droplets entrained in vaporformed from the waste water mixture. As an example, the demister 254 canbe a mesh-type coalesce, vane pack, or other structure configured toaggregate entrained liquid into droplets such that the entrained liquidcan be separated from the vapor. Droplets captured by the demister candrop down toward the EC unit 258 to recombine with the waste watermixture, including liquids and solids, within the main separator vessel240. Vapor generated within the main separator vessel 240 can beprovided to a condenser 257 of the secondary separator vessel via a flowpath 266.

The EC unit 258 can be configured to remove suspended solids andemulsified oils from the waste water mixture. The EC unit 258 caninclude a number of EC cells 260 that enable removal of suspended solidsfrom the waste water mixture. The EC cells 260 can also function tobreakdown emulsions, and oxidize and eradicate of heavy metals from thewaste water mixture. Each EC cell 260 can include an anode and acathode. The EC unit 258, including the EC cells 260, can be coupled tothe controller 224, which include a direct current power source. Thecontroller 224 can apply a voltage differential between the anode andthe cathode such that the cathode is negatively charged. This voltagedifferential can cause oxidation of the anode such that metal ions(e.g., cations) can be ejected from the anode into the waste water. Themetal ions can neutralize charges of particles within the waste watermixture, thereby causing coagulation. A magnitude of the voltagedifferential can also determine a rate of oxidation of the anode,thereby determining rate of coagulation particles within the waste watermixture. For example, the metal ions can enable removal of undesirablecontaminants by chemical reaction and precipitation, and/or by causingcolloids within the waste water mixture to coalesce. Additionally, onthe surface of the cathode, water within the waste water mixture can behydrolyzed into hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions. Electrons can flowfreely to destabilize surface charges on suspended solids and emulsifiedoils within the waste water mixture. The metal ions can combine with thehydroxide ions to form polymeric metal hydroxides, which can function ascoagulants. The metal hydroxides can trap suspended solids andemulsified oils within the waste water mixture.

In the illustrated example, the main separator vessel 240 can deliverthe coagulated contaminants to the pump 231. As shown in FIG. 4, themain separator vessel 240 can include a valve 243 (e.g., a ball valve)that can be configured to control flow from the main separator vessel240 to the pump 231. The valve 243 can be in electronic communicationwith the controller 224 such that the controller 224 can controloperation of the valve 243. The pump 231 can be configured to deliverthe coagulated contaminants to the compression unit 229 (shown in FIG.2). The compression unit 229 can compress the coagulated contaminantsand deliver the compressed coagulated contaminants to the solids storagevessel 214.

As shown in FIGS. 3-4, the main separator vessel 240 can also include apressure gauge 237, temperature sensors 239, 241, and a level meter 235.The pressure gauge 237 can be configured to measure pressure of thewaste water mixture and/or vapor within the main separator vessel 240.The temperature sensors 239, 241 can be configured to measuretemperatures within the main separator vessel 240. The level meter 235can be configured to measure an amount of waste water that is within themain separator vessel 240. The pressure gauge 237, temperature sensors239, 241, and the level meter 235 can be electrically coupled to thecontroller 224. The pressure gauge 237, temperature sensors 239, 241,and the level meter 235 can be configured to provide data to thecontroller 224. The controller 224 can be configured to monitor datafrom the pressure gauge 237, temperature sensors 239, 241, and the levelmeter 235.

During operation, vapor from the waste water mixture in the mainseparator vessel 240 can be delivered to the secondary separator vessel242 via a flow path 266. FIG. 5 shows a magnified view of the secondaryseparator vessel 242. As shown in the illustrated example, the secondaryseparator vessel 242 can include a body 253. The body 253 can be influid communication with the main separator vessel 240 and thepreliminary separator 210. The body 253 of the secondary separatorvessel 242 can include a condenser 257, an EC unit 259, and a demister255.

A blower 265 can draw vapor from the main separator vessel 240 via theflow path 266 and can provide the vapor to the condenser 257. Thecondenser 257 can be configured to receive vapor from the main separatorvessel 240, condense the vapor to form a liquid, and deliver the liquidto the liquid storage vessel 222 via a flow path 262 (shown in FIG. 2).Heat can be extracted from the vapor within the condenser 257 such thatthe vapor condenses to form the liquid. The heat extracted from thevapor within the condenser 257 can be transferred to the waste watermixture within the secondary separator vessel 242 and/or to the vaporformed from the waste water mixture within the secondary separatorvessel 242. Heat delivered to the waste water within the secondaryseparator vessel 242 can cause a portion of the waste water toevaporate. As mentioned above, the blower 264, shown in FIGS. 3-4, canpump vapor from the secondary separator vessel 242 to the condenser 256in the primary separator vessel via flow path 268.

The EC unit 259 can generally function similarly to the EC unit 258, asdescribed herein. The EC unit 259 can be configured to remove suspendedsolids and emulsified oils from the waste water mixture. The EC unit 259can include a number of EC cells 261 that facilitate removal ofsuspended solids from the waste water mixture. The EC cells 261 can alsofunction to breakdown emulsions, and oxidize and eradicate heavy metalsfrom the waste water mixture, as described above with regard to the ECcells 260. In the illustrated example, the secondary separator vessel242 can deliver coagulated contaminants to the pump 231. As shown inFIG. 5, the secondary separator vessel 242 can include a valve 245(e.g., a ball valve) that can be configured to control flow from thesecondary separator vessel 242 to the pump 231. The valve 245 can be inelectronic communication with the controller 224 such that thecontroller 224 can control operation of the valve 245. The pump 231 canbe configured to deliver the coagulated contaminants to the compressionunit 229 (shown in FIG. 2). The compression unit 229 can compress thecoagulated contaminants and deliver the compressed coagulatedcontaminants to the solids storage vessel 214.

As shown in FIG. 5, the secondary separator vessel 242 can also includea pressure gauge 247, temperature sensors 249, 251, and a level meter263 that can be coupled to the body 253. The pressure gauge 247 can beconfigured to measure pressure of the waste water mixture and/or vaporwithin the secondary separator vessel 242. The temperature sensors 249,251 can be configured to measure temperatures within the secondaryseparator vessel 242. The level meter 263 can be configured to measurean amount of waste water that is within the secondary separator vessel242. The pressure gauge 247, temperature sensors 249, 251, and the levelmeter 263 can be electrically coupled to the controller 224. Thepressure gauge 247, temperature sensors 249, 251, and the level meter263 can be configured to provide data to the controller 224. Thecontroller 224 can be configured to monitor data from the pressure gauge247, temperature sensors 249, 251, and the level meter 263.

In some implementations, a mixture of gases can be collected from theprocess and/or reused. For example, for a gas collection unit, chemicaltank, and/or fuel for a boiler.

In some implementations, a bacterial removal unit can be includeddownstream from the hydrocyclone 210. The bacterial removal unit canprocess the stream to remove bacteria, for example, via ultravioletlight or another means.

FIG. 6 illustrates another example implementation of a waste watertreatment system 600. In this example implementation, the waste watertreatment system 600 includes four secondary separators cascaded forimproved efficiency. FIG. 7 illustrates an expanded view of theseparator system 204 with four secondary separators.

The separator system 204 system can be configured to separate liquid andsolid portions of the spent wash using a combination of distillation andelectrocoagulation (EC) processes. In the illustrated example, theseparator system 204 includes a main separator vessel 240 and a seriesof secondary separator vessels 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, 242 d. The mainseparator vessel 240 can be fluidly coupled to the series of secondaryseparator vessels 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, 242 d. Each of the secondaryseparator vessels 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, 242 d can be in fluidcommunication with adjacent secondary separator vessels 242 a, 242 b,242 c, 242 d. Valves 244 b can be positioned between each of thesecondary separator vessels 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, 242 d. The valves 244 bcan be configured to control flow of the spent wash mixture between thesecondary separator vessels 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, 242 d. A valve 244 ccan be positioned between the main separator vessel 240 and the adjacentsecondary separator vessel 242 a. The valve 244 c can be configured tocontrol flow of the spent wash mixture between the main separator vessel240 and the secondary separator vessels 242.

FIG. 8 is a table illustrating specifications for an exampleimplementation according to some aspects of the current subject matter.The table of FIG. 8 lists some mechanical, electrical, and electroniccomponents to implement an exemplary treatment system with fiveseparator vessels (e.g., a main separator and four secondary separators)according to some aspects of the current subject matter and exemplaryspecifications for each part. For example, the separator vessels (listedas purifier) may be made from a mild steel material, each suction blowermay have a flow rate capacity of 30 to 40 m³/hr, and the heating elementmay each have an output power of 5 kW. The present disclosure is notlimited to this exemplary specifications, and the treatment system maybe designed based on various design considerations such as treatmentcapacity, types of liquid and solid materials for treatment, and thelike.

In some implementations, separator vessels can be arranged similar tothose described in US Publication No. 2018/0134578 published May 18,2018, the entire contents of which is hereby expressly incorporated byreference herein.

The subject matter described herein is not limited to application withinmolasses or spent wash facilities, and but can be applied to any liquidwaste with high BOD and/or COD, such as oil and gas refineries.Additional example applications can include in the areas of acid minedrainage, ballast water, bathroom waste, blackwater (coal), blackwater(waste), boiler blowdown, brine, combined sewer, cooling tower, coolingwater, fecal sludge, greywater, infiltration/inflow, industrialeffluent, ion exchange, leachate, manure, papermaking, return flow,reverse osmosis, sanitary sewer, septage, sewage, sewage sludge, urbanrunoff, and the like.

Further, the current subject matter can include any number of cascadedseparators, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more. Herein,reference of each separator does not describe the order of theseparators or the upstream-downstream relationship of the separators.For example, the secondary separator may be referred to as a firstseparator, and the main separator may be referred to as a secondseparator. For a configuration with any number of cascaded separators,the system can include a total of n separators (n being a naturalnumber; n≥2), wherein, for an i-th separator (i being any naturalnumber; 2≤i≤n), the i-th separator is in communication with the (i−1)-thseparator, the i-th separator configured to receive an i-th portion ofthe waste water from the (i−1)-th separator and to separate the i-thportion of the waste water into an i-th vapor and an i-th solidmaterial, the i-th separator including an i-th condenser and an i-thelectrocoagulation unit. The n-th separator can include a heatingelement configured to generate heat and transfer the heat to the n-thportion of the waste water, wherein heat from the (n−1)-th vapor andheat from the heating element cause at least a portion of the n-thportion of waste water to evaporate, thereby forming the n-th vaporwithin the n-th separator. Additionally or alternatively, the n-thseparator can further include a magnetron configured to generatemicrowaves and direct at least a portion of the microwaves at the n-thportion of the waste water within the n-th separator, thereby heatingthe n-th portion of the waste water. At least one or all of the first tothe n-th separators can include a demister configured to remove liquiddroplets entrained within vapor.

FIGS. 9-12 illustrate an example implementation of the current subjectmatter implemented at an oil refinery facility. FIG. 9 shows an overviewof an example implementation of the waste water treatment systemaccording to the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 9, five separatorvessels 901 may be disposed in the vicinity of the digester 902. Thewaste water supplied from the digester 902 may be treated and separatedin the separator vessels 901. After the treatment, solid and the liquidportions may be stored in a solid storage vessel 903 and a liquidstorage vessel 904, respectively. FIG. 10 is a magnified view of theseparator vessels showing internal components for illustration purposes.FIGS. 11 and 12 show the separator vessels, their support systems, andfluid connection lines from two different viewing angles.

FIG. 13 is a process flow diagram illustrating that multiple digesterscan provide the waste water, such as spent wash, to a ground tank, whichcan be input to a waste water treatment system according to the currentsubject matter. The output of the system can include product water aswell as a mixture of gases, that can be collected and/or reused, forexample via a gas collection unit, chemical tank, and/or fuel for aboiler.

FIGS. 14-16 illustrate example heating elements and related dimensionsaccording to an example implementation. As shown in FIG. 14, more thanone heating element may be disposed within a single separator to achievea required heating power. In particular, the multiple heating elementsmay be electrically connected in series or in parallel. Each of theheating elements may have appropriate dimensions as shown in FIGS. 15and 16 based on the size of the separator.

FIGS. 17-21 illustrate a modular processing system, which can be scaledto any required processing capabilities by adding additional units. Theillustrated modular processing system includes a bacterial removal unit1705 downstream from the hydrocyclone.

Although a few variations have been described in detail above, othermodifications or additions are possible.

One or more aspects or features of the subject matter described hereincan be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry,specially designed application specific integrated circuits (ASICs),field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) computer hardware, firmware,software, and/or combinations thereof. These various aspects or featurescan include implementation in one or more computer programs that areexecutable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including atleast one programmable processor, which can be special or generalpurpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmitdata and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device,and at least one output device. The programmable system or computingsystem may include clients and servers. A client and server aregenerally remote from each other and typically interact through acommunication network. The relationship of client and server arises byvirtue of computer programs running on the respective computers andhaving a client-server relationship to each other.

These computer programs, which can also be referred to as programs,software, software applications, applications, components, or code,include machine instructions for a programmable processor, and can beimplemented in a high-level procedural language, an object-orientedprogramming language, a functional programming language, a logicalprogramming language, and/or in assembly/machine language. As usedherein, the term “machine-readable medium” refers to any computerprogram product, apparatus and/or device, such as for example magneticdiscs, optical disks, memory, and Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs),used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmableprocessor, including a machine-readable medium that receives machineinstructions as a machine-readable signal. The term “machine-readablesignal” refers to any signal used to provide machine instructions and/ordata to a programmable processor. The machine-readable medium can storesuch machine instructions non-transitorily, such as for example as woulda non-transient solid-state memory or a magnetic hard drive or anyequivalent storage medium. The machine-readable medium can alternativelyor additionally store such machine instructions in a transient manner,such as for example as would a processor cache or other random accessmemory associated with one or more physical processor cores.

To provide for interaction with a user, one or more aspects or featuresof the subject matter described herein can be implemented on a computerhaving a display device, such as for example a cathode ray tube (CRT) ora liquid crystal display (LCD) or a light emitting diode (LED) monitorfor displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointingdevice, such as for example a mouse or a trackball, by which the usermay provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used toprovide for interaction with a user as well. For example, feedbackprovided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, such as forexample visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; andinput from the user may be received in any form, including acoustic,speech, or tactile input. Other possible input devices include touchscreens or other touch-sensitive devices such as single or multi-pointresistive or capacitive trackpads, voice recognition hardware andsoftware, optical scanners, optical pointers, digital image capturedevices and associated interpretation software, and the like.

In the descriptions above and in the claims, phrases such as “at leastone of” or “one or more of” may occur followed by a conjunctive list ofelements or features. The term “and/or” may also occur in a list of twoor more elements or features. Unless otherwise implicitly or explicitlycontradicted by the context in which it is used, such a phrase isintended to mean any of the listed elements or features individually orany of the recited elements or features in combination with any of theother recited elements or features. For example, the phrases “at leastone of A and B;” “one or more of A and B;” and “A and/or B” are eachintended to mean “A alone, B alone, or A and B together.” A similarinterpretation is also intended for lists including three or more items.For example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C;” “one or more ofA, B, and C;” and “A, B, and/or C” are each intended to mean “A alone, Balone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, orA and B and C together.” In addition, use of the term “based on,” aboveand in the claims is intended to mean, “based at least in part on,” suchthat an unrecited feature or element is also permissible.

The subject matter described herein can be embodied in systems,apparatus, methods, and/or articles depending on the desiredconfiguration. The implementations set forth in the foregoingdescription do not represent all implementations consistent with thesubject matter described herein. Instead, they are merely some examplesconsistent with aspects related to the described subject matter.Although a few variations have been described in detail above, othermodifications or additions are possible. In particular, further featuresand/or variations can be provided in addition to those set forth herein.For example, the implementations described above can be directed tovarious combinations and subcombinations of the disclosed featuresand/or combinations and subcombinations of several further featuresdisclosed above. In addition, the logic flows depicted in theaccompanying figures and/or described herein do not necessarily requirethe particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirableresults. Other implementations may be within the scope of the followingclaims.

1. A system comprising: a first separator configured to receive wastewater, retain a first portion of the waste water, and separate the firstportion of the waste water into a first vapor and a first solidmaterial; and a second separator in fluid communication with the firstseparator, the second separator being configured to receive a secondportion of the waste water from the first separator and to separate thesecond portion of the waste water into a second vapor and a second solidmaterial, the second separator including a first condenser in fluidcommunication with the first separator, the first condenser beingconfigured to receive the first vapor from the first separator andtransfer heat from the first vapor to the second portion of the wastewater, thereby condensing the first vapor into a first liquid, a heatingelement configured to generate heat and transfer the heat to the secondportion of the waste water, wherein heat from the first vapor and heatfrom the heating element cause at least a portion of the second portionof waste water to evaporate, thereby forming the second vapor within thesecond separator, and a first electrocoagulation unit having at leastone first electrocoagulation cell that includes a first anode and afirst cathode that are in contact with the second portion of the wastewater, the at least one first electrocoagulation cell being configuredto separate suspended solids from the second portion of the waste water,the separated suspended solids forming at least a portion of the secondsolid material.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first separatorincludes a second condenser in fluid communication with the secondseparator, the second condenser being configured to receive the secondvapor from the second separator and transfer heat from the second vaporto the first portion of the waste water, thereby condensing the secondvapor into a second liquid.
 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the firstseparator includes a second electrocoagulation unit having at least onesecond electrocoagulation cell in contact with the first portion of thewaste water, the at least one second electrocoagulation cell beingconfigured to separate suspended solids from the first portion of thewaste water, the separated suspended solids forming at least a portionof the first solid material.
 4. The system of claim 1, furthercomprising a controller in electronic communication with the heatingelement and the first electrocoagulation, the controller beingconfigured to control the amount of heat generated by the heatingelement and to control a first voltage differential between the firstanode and the first cathode of at least one first electrocoagulationcell, wherein the first voltage differential determines a rate at whichsuspended solids are separated from the second portion of the wastewater.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the second separator includes amagnetron configured to generate microwaves and direct at least aportion of the microwaves at the second portion of the waste waterwithin the second separator, thereby heating the second portion of thewaste water.
 6. The system of claim 4, further comprising a preliminaryseparator in fluid communication with the first separator, thepreliminary separator being configured to receive waste water and toseparate insoluble solid material from the waste water, remove theinsoluble solid material from the waste water, and provide the wastewater to the first separator.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein thepreliminary separator is a hydrocyclone configured to direct thereceived waste water tangentially about an interior surface of thehydrocyclone, thereby generating a reactive centrifugal force that actson the received waste water to separate the insoluble solid materialfrom the received waste water.
 8. The system of claim 4, furthercomprising at least one first pressure gauge coupled to the secondseparator, the at least one first pressure gauge being configured tomeasure a pressure of the second vapor within the second separator. 9.The system of claim 8, further comprising at least one second pressuregauge coupled to the first separator, the at least one second pressuregauge being configured to measure a pressure of the first vapor withinthe first separator.
 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising afirst level meter positioned within the second separator, the firstlevel meter being configured to measure an amount of the second portionof waste water.
 11. The system of claim 1, further comprising a firstdemister positioned within the second separator, the first demisterbeing configured to remove liquid droplets entrained within the secondvapor.
 12. The system of claim 11, further comprising a second demisterpositioned within the first separator, the second demister beingconfigured to remove liquid droplets entrained within the first vapor.13. A method comprising: receiving waste water at a first separator, andretaining a first portion of the waste water within the first separator;receiving, at a second separator, a second portion of waste water fromthe first separator; generating a first voltage differential between afirst anode and a first cathode of a first cell of a firstelectrocoagulation unit to remove suspended solids from the secondportion of waste water; receiving a first vapor from the first separatorat a first condenser within the second separator; transferring heat fromthe first vapor to the second portion of the waste water, therebycondensing the first vapor into a first liquid; generating heat using afirst heating element within the second separator; transferring the heatto the second portion of waste water, wherein heat from the first vaporand heat from the heating element cause at least a portion of the secondportion of waste water to evaporate, thereby forming a second vaporwithin the second separator; and providing the second vapor to a secondcondenser within the first separator.
 14. The method of claim 13,further comprising receiving the second vapor at the second condenser;and transferring heat from the second vapor to the first portion ofwaste water, thereby condensing the second vapor into a second liquid.15. The method of claim 13, further comprising generating a secondvoltage differential between a second anode and a second cathode of asecond cell of a second electrocoagulation unit to remove suspendedsolids from the first portion of waste water;
 16. The method of claim13, further comprising generating microwaves using a magnetron; anddirecting at least a portion of the microwaves toward the second portionof waste water, thereby heating the second portion of waste water. 17.The method of claim 13, further comprising measuring a pressure of thesecond vapor within the second separator using at least one firstpressure gauge coupled to the second separator.
 18. The method of claim17, further comprising measuring a pressure of the first vapor withinthe first separator using at least one second pressure gauge coupled tothe first separator.
 19. The method of claim 13, further comprisingremoving liquid droplets entrained within the second vapor using a firstdemister positioned within the second separator.
 20. The method of claim19, further comprising removing liquid droplets entrained within thefirst vapor using a second demister positioned within the firstseparator.
 21. A system comprising: a first separator configured toreceive waste water, retain a first portion of the waste water, andseparate the first portion of the waste water into a first vapor and afirst solid material, the first separator including a first condenserand a first electrocoagulation unit.
 22. The system of claim 21, furthercomprising a second separator in fluid communication with the firstseparator, the second separator being configured to receive a secondportion of the waste water from the first separator and to separate thesecond portion of the waste water into a second vapor and a second solidmaterial.
 23. The system of claim 21, wherein the second separatorincludes: a second condenser in fluid communication with the firstseparator, the second condenser being configured to receive the firstvapor from the first separator and transfer heat from the first vapor tothe second portion of the waste water, thereby condensing the firstvapor into a first liquid.
 24. The system of claim 23, wherein thesecond separator includes: a heating element configured to generate heatand transfer the heat to the second portion of the waste water, whereinheat from the first vapor and heat from the heating element cause atleast a portion of the second portion of waste water to evaporate,thereby forming the second vapor within the second separator.
 25. Thesystem of claim 24, wherein the second separator includes: a secondelectrocoagulation unit having at least one first electrocoagulationcell that includes a first anode and a first cathode that are in contactwith the second portion of the waste water, the at least one firstelectrocoagulation cell being configured to separate suspended solidsfrom the second portion of the waste water, the separated suspendedsolids forming at least a portion of the second solid material.
 26. Thesystem of claim 21, further comprising a total of n separators (n beinga natural number; n≥2), wherein, for an i-th separator (i being anynatural number; 2≤i≤n), the i-th separator is in communication with the(i−1)-th separator, the i-th separator configured to receive an i-thportion of the waste water from the (i−1)-th separator and to separatethe i-th portion of the waste water into an i-th vapor and an i-th solidmaterial, the i-th separator including an i-th condenser and an i-thelectrocoagulation unit.
 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the n-thseparator includes a heating element configured to generate heat andtransfer the heat to the n-th portion of the waste water, wherein heatfrom the (n−1)-th vapor and heat from the heating element cause at leasta portion of the n-th portion of waste water to evaporate, therebyforming the n-th vapor within the n-th separator.
 28. The system ofclaim 26, wherein the n-th separator includes a magnetron configured togenerate microwaves and direct at least a portion of the microwaves atthe n-th portion of the waste water within the n-th separator, therebyheating the n-th portion of the waste water.
 29. The system of claim 26,wherein at least one of the first to the n-th separators includes ademister configured to remove liquid droplets entrained within vapor.30. The system of claim 26, further comprising: a preliminary separatorin fluid communication with the first separator, the preliminaryseparator being configured to receive waste water and to separateinsoluble solid material from the waste water, remove the insolublesolid material from the waste water, and provide the waste water to thefirst separator.
 31. The system of claim 30, wherein the preliminaryseparator is a hydrocyclone configured to direct the received wastewater tangentially about an interior surface of the hydrocyclone,thereby generating a reactive centrifugal force that acts on thereceived waste water to separate the insoluble solid material from thereceived waste water.
 32. The system of claim 21, wherein the firstseparator includes a heating element.
 33. (canceled)